what summarizes the human cost of the vietnam war?

When the war was over France received their "colony" back. Authors: Jennifer Llewellyn, Jim Southey, Steve Thompson The main reason the war escalated so badly and quickly was because LBJ and Nixon right? experiences and message transcend the headlines and pierce through the political noise and debates to remind us of the human cost of war and displacement. The anti-war movement, which was particularly strong on college campuses, divided Americans bitterly. create tension? Who betrayed Esugei and left Genghis Khans family behind? Based on the current dollar value, the Vietnam War cost the equivalent of about $1 trillion. Vietnam, a nation in Southeast Asia on the eastern edge of the Indochinese peninsula, had been under French colonial rule since the 19th century. Vietnam War - Digital History Which is correct? If anything it was the french's fault for everything. The American death toll in Vietnam is dwarfed by the devastating losses suffered by local people. Which best describes the cost of the Vietnam War in human terms? Meanwhile, the United States, its military demoralized and its civilian electorate deeply divided, began a process of coming to terms with defeat in what had been its longest and most controversial war. Military history is often the history of force quality defeating force quantity, and strategies and dollar spending need to be validated by explaining the role and function of deployed personnel. Seeing an opportunity to seize control, Hos Viet Minh forces immediately rose up, taking over the northern city of Hanoi and declaring a Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) with Ho as president. "War" may not be the normal state of U.S. national security planning indefinitely into the future, but warand/or the constant risk of waris a grim reality of our time. He was in Vietnam when he was 20 years old. Fall of Vietnam Flashcards | Quizlet Before World War Two Vietnam . Efforts to integrate net assessment with budget submissions were effectively killed by the Joint Staff decades earlier, during the Reagan Administration. Trojans. The conflict was intensified by the ongoing Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union. Since 1941 Congress has declared war only six times, all during World War II. In peace negotiations at Geneva, the decision was reached to divide Vietnam into northern and southern halves. To fight off both Japanese occupiers and the French colonial administration, political leader Ho Chi Minhinspired by Chinese and Soviet communismformed the Viet Minh, or the League for the Independence of Vietnam. By the end of June 1972, however, after a failed offensive into South Vietnam, Hanoi was finally willing to compromise. The origins of American involvement in Vietnam date back to the end of the Second World War, when the Vietnamese were struggling against the continued French colonial presence in their country. Patrick Hagopian. Opposition to the war in the United States bitterly divided Americans, even after President Richard Nixon signed the Paris Peace Accords and ordered the withdrawal of U.S. forces in 1973. Direct link to Carla Cristina Almeida's post I have a question about t, Posted 6 years ago. Ironically, members of Congress are fond of criticizing the Administration for lacking a strategy. In December 1960, Diems many opponents within South Vietnamboth communist and non-communistformed the National Liberation Front (NLF) to organize resistance to the regime. A total of 44.3% of the labor force works in agriculture, 22.9% works in industry, and 32.8% works in the service sector. They are more than five times more expensive than the Korean War. Once again, a valid approach to resourcing and costing the war must look beyond the number of military personnel and justify the total number of personnel. The victory of communist regimes in Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos triggered one of the largest refugee crises in history. The charts and tables in this section summarize the actual and projected cost of U.S. wars as reported for the OCO accountdrawing heavily largely on earlier work by the Congressional Research Service. Summary This CRS report provides estimates of the costs of major U.S. wars from the American Revolution through current conflicts in Iraq, Afghanistan, and elsewhere. Copyright: The content on this page may not be republished without our express permission. A top-secret Department of Defense study of U.S. political and military involvement in Vietnam from 1945 to 1967 was published in the New York Times in 1971shedding light on how the Nixon administration ramped up conflict in Vietnam. Key metrics are also provided on the funding profiles of key types of aid. Many refugees fled Indochina in overcrowded boats, usually converted fishing boats, poorly maintained and unsuited to the open ocean. The South Vietnamese government, on the other hand, fought to preserve a Vietnam more closely aligned with the West. However, they were probably mostly focused on stopping the spread of communism because of the domino theory. For other Americans, opposing the government was considered unpatriotic and treasonous. Bombarded by horrific images of the war on their televisions, Americans on the home front turned against the war as well: In October 1967, some 35,000 demonstrators staged a massive Vietnam War protest outside the Pentagon. Direct link to Angela Hilario's post I've read that the Vietna, Posted 4 years ago. These efforts have accomplished a great deal in terms of improving the aspects of America's war efforts relating to aid to the Iraqi and Afghan governments and forces. The Special Inspector Generals also have not been tasked with addressing the overall cost of each conflict, the overall effectiveness of U.S. civil and military efforts, or the nature and success of U.S. plans and strategies. What were the assumptions underlying the US involvement in Southeast Asia? Total personnel are another key measure of the cost of war, particularly when high-cost all-volunteer forces are involved, and casualties are a key political consideration. The bombing. (At least 100 names on the memorial are those of servicemen who were actually Canadian citizens.) For some young people, the war symbolized a form of unchecked authority they had come to resent. It would take years to recover. It was fought from early November 1955 to the end of April 1975. Seeking to regain control of the region, France backed Emperor Bao and set up the state of Vietnam in July 1949, with the city of Saigon as its capital. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) in the north was supported by the Soviet Union, China, and other communist countries, while the United States and its anticommunist allies backed the Republic of Vietnam (ROV) in the south. Trade and diplomatic relations between Vietnam and the U.S. resumed in the 1990s. All recent estimates show that the burden the Afghan and Iraq/Syria wars placed on the economy did not equal the burden that the peacetime Reagan build up created, and that the percentage has dropped sharply since most U.S. combat troops left Afghanistan and Iraq. 2. Meaning of human cost. Working under the domino theory, which held that if one Southeast Asian country fell to communism, many other countries would follow, Kennedy increased U.S. aid, though he stopped short of committing to a large-scale military intervention. Center for Strategic and International Studies Psychologically, the effects ran even deeper. The functional break out of the cost by theaterIraq and Syriahelps provide a clear picture of mission focus and allocation of resources. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C., lists more than 58,300 names of members of the U.S. armed forces who were killed or went missing in action. What effect did Nixon's promise to unify the nation and restore law and order have on his . De Blasio: How many . Feeding, supplying and paying the armies and navies was, by far, the largest expenditure of the war. Almost two million refugees were eventually relocated to the US, Australia, Canada, France and other European countries. With the Cold War intensifying worldwide, the United States hardened its policies against any allies of the Soviet Union, and by 1955 President Dwight D. Eisenhower had pledged his firm support to Diem and South Vietnam. The French loss at the battle ended almost a century of French colonial rule in Indochina. Westmoreland pursued a policy of attrition, aiming to kill as many enemy troops as possible rather than trying to secure territory. Corrections? They show the cost by war, by service, and by broad cost category for the entire OCO account. Date published: July 3, 2019 Only limited break outs of these key data are provided by war. URL: https://alphahistory.com/vietnamwar/costs-of-the-vietnam-war/ Fall of Saigon, capture of Saigon by North Vietnamese forces, which occurred from March 4 to April 30, 1975. Which best describes the cost of the Vietnam War in human terms? How did the fear of the Soviet Union and Communism affect American culture and society? Direct link to David Alexander's post Oh, I think that if you c, Posted 4 years ago. Articles with the HISTORY.com Editors byline have been written or edited by the HISTORY.com editors, including Amanda Onion, Missy Sullivan and Matt Mullen. It was 150% of the IISS estimate of $604.5 billion for 2016. Warfare had demolished the countrys infrastructure and economy, and reconstruction proceeded slowly. 1) The deaths of over a million communist soldiers 2) Post-traumatic stress disorder in veterans Which legislation limited the influence of the president? The Memorial is dedicated to honor the courage . Estimates of the number of people killed in Indochina range from two and a half million to more than four million. Direct link to armor.pro57's post When the United States te, Posted 2 years ago. Consequences of the war for the USA - The Vietnam War - CCEA - GCSE De-escalation, negotiation, and Vietnamization, The United States negotiates a withdrawal, 9 Questions About the Vietnam War Answered, https://www.britannica.com/event/Vietnam-War, Vietnam War - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Vietnam War - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). was it education, the size of the family etc? This website is created and maintained by Alpha History. an estimated 25,000 American servicemen and 757,143 Vietnamese dead about 200,000 American servicemen and an estimated 4 million Vietnamese dead 58,000 American servicemen and an estimated 1.5 million Vietnamese dead 58,000 American servicemen and an estimated 250,000 Vietnamese dead If one counts the Cold War, the United States has been at war for virtually every year since 1941. The true figures, however, are probably much higher. In March 1965, Johnson made the decisionwith solid support from the American publicto send U.S. combat forces into battle in Vietnam. If these alternative estimatesand many othersare taken into account, it is all too clear that the United States now has no official estimate of the cost of its wars. Some declared that Vietnam was a nationalist conflict that Washington had no business intervening in. This was 161% of the $560.7 billion Baseline that include base, defense-related nuclear and other related budget costs. It was 150% of the IISS estimate of $604.5 billion for 2016. Consequences of the war for Vietnam - The Vietnam War - CCEA - GCSE Even if one uses the higher estimate of military spending used by Todd Harrison, the total is now under 6.0%. Neighbouring countries Laos and Cambodia both suffered enormous human loss and material devastation, as well as the rise of terroristic and genocidal regimes. The civil war in Vietnam lasted from 1955 to 1975, with direct U.S. military involvement from 1964 to 1973. . The Baseline level has average 2.8% since then, but the total including OCO rose back to a high of 3.4% in FY2010. 10.5 times the IISS estimate of $58.9 billion for Russia, and 9.0 times the SIPIRI estimate of $69.2 billion. Direct link to PiggyCosette's post The government most likel, Posted 3 years ago. Taken by surprise, U.S. and South Vietnamese forces nonetheless managed to strike back quickly, and the communists were unable to hold any of the targets for more than a day or two. The escalating US involvement in Southeast Asia was driven by the logic of the. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The United States however, is fighting what are civil-military wars where the "hold," "stability," and "recovery and development" effort is critical to winning popular support. These were not linked to progress in stability operations and creating effective host country forces. The number of civilians killed ranges from 627,000 to two million. The United States defeat in Vietnam led to a period of despondency in America. The terms of this expansion included yet more funding and arms, but a key alteration was the commitment of U.S. soldiers to the region. This inevitably has reduced the number of military in the force mix and made reporting military, civilian, and contract personnel a critical aspect of reporting on force costs and trends. The human, environmental and economic costs of the Vietnam War were devastating. 58,000 American servicemen and an estimated 250,000 Vietnamese dead. The Korean peninsula off the east cost of Asia has had a long history of foreign invaders. In the early 1900s the country was part of a French colony. In 1965, Johnson dramatically escalated US involvement in the war. This report addresses a number of the issues that result from the failure to deal with the cost of America's wars by providing an overview of the historical trends involved, the broader climate of U.S. defense spending, and the data that have been reported on each war as part of the Overseas budget for the Contingency Operations (OCO) account. The vast exodus of refugees from Indochina led to humanitarian camps being set up in Hong Kong, Thailand, Malaysia and other Asian countries. Once again, the data on contractors provide a key picture of the actual size of the U.S. effort in country. In 1910, Japanese armies conquered Korea and occupied it until their defeat in 1945 at the end of World War II. The Department of Defense's OCO costs of the Afghan conflict since FY2001 will rise to $840.7 billionif the President's FY2018 budget request is met. Estimated interest costs by 2050: Up to $6.5 trillion. Despite the later inclusion of the South Vietnamese and the NLF, the dialogue soon reached an impasse, and after a bitter 1968 election season marred by violence, Republican Richard M. Nixon won the presidency. A historians view: How did the American public react when they heard the news? These boats were manned by fishermen unfamiliar with navigating the open sea and some even left without a specific destination in mind. Vietnam Veterans Memorial | Facts, Designer, & Controversy As the war stretched on, some soldiers came to mistrust the governments reasons for keeping them there, as well as Washingtons repeated claims that the war was being won. The end result in both countries was a resurgence in threat capabilities that forced the U.S. to redeploygreatly increasing the marginal cost of the war. By Ward Wilson. The two countries finally resumed formal diplomatic relations in 1995. It is important to note that separate work by Todd Harrison of CSIS in assessing the overall OCO account Enduring Dilemma of Overseas Contingency Operations Funding, Transition45 Series, January 11, 2017states that both Congress and the Obama administration moved items from the base budget to the OCO budget as a way of circumventing the BCA budget caps. Were they correct? Yes, to me (who served in Vietnam with the US Army for 11 months in 1970) it seemed like an utter waste of time and resources. Information and translations of human cost in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web. Costs Of America's Longest War: Thousands Of Lives, Trillions Of - WBUR Neither this bombing or the ground war was confined by the borders of Vietnam. The Vietnam War was a long, costly and divisive conflict that pitted the communist government of North Vietnam against South Vietnam and its principal ally, the United States. Or would he have gone in a quote better direction based upon how he handled other things as president? For the last several decades, there has been little real effort to examine the costs of key missions and strategic commitments and the longer term trends in force planning and cost. In 1955, however, the strongly anti-communist politician Ngo Dinh Diem pushed Emperor Bao aside to become president of the Government of the Republic of Vietnam (GVN), often referred to during that era as South Vietnam. Vietnam emerged from the war as a potent military power within Southeast Asia, but its agriculture, business, and industry were disrupted, large parts of its countryside were scarred by bombs and defoliation and laced with land mines, and its cities and towns were heavily damaged. Information and translations of human cost in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web. Known as the Christmas Bombings, the raids drew international condemnation. The struggle for Vietnam was one of the 20th centurys great human tragedies. The treaty also called for nationwide elections for reunification to be held in 1956. Any full costing of America's wars needs to include these costs. The annual cost of all U.S. aid in FY2016 is $5.79 billion, which is 13 percent of the OCO cost of $46.2 billion for that year. In 1995 Vietnam released its official estimate of the number of people killed during the Vietnam War: as many as 2,000,000 civilians on both sides and some 1,100,000 North Vietnamese and Viet Cong fighters. It also has been revised to show the FY2018 costs of the U.S. train and assist missions in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria in depth. The Anti-War Movement Flashcards | Quizlet Although North Vietnamese and Viet Cong casualty counts vary wildly, it is generally understood that they suffered several times the number of American casualties. The American soldiers who returned as veterans of the Vietnam War faced their own personal challenges. US Air Force commander Curtis Le May once threatened to bomb [Vietnam] back to the Stone Age, a promise that was very nearly delivered. The Costs Don't. Amount Bilmes estimates the United States will pay in health care, disability, burial and other costs for . Public trust in the United States government was shattered by the Vietnam War and Watergate. In addition to this Vietnamization policy, Nixon continued public peace talks in Paris, adding higher-level secret talks conducted by Secretary of State Henry Kissinger beginning in the spring of 1968. The effort to create meaningful Future Year Defense Programs seem to have been given a final death blow by the Budget Control Act (BCA)legislation originally designed to be so stupid that the Congress could not possibly accept it. Vietnam War Facts, Definition, Costs and Timeline - The Balance This draft disproportionately targeted certain populations, mostly the poor making it very unpopular. In an attempt to limit the volume of American casualties, he announced a program called Vietnamization: withdrawing U.S. troops, increasing aerial and artillery bombardment and giving the South Vietnamese the training and weapons needed to effectively control the ground war. The costs and casualties of the growing war proved too much for the United States to bear, and U.S. combat units were withdrawn by 1973. It establishes a seemingly I've read that the Vietnam War is referred to as the 'American War' (in full, War Against the Americans to Save the Nation) in Vietnam. Homeland defense has become more expensive than any ongoing U.S. war or active combat effort. or is it saying that the south fought the north with america or did america never ally with the south of vietnam? Congress authorized troop deployment in Vietnam, but, because it did not issue a declaration of war on North Vietnam or the Viet Cong, the Vietnam War is, technically speaking, not considered a war in the United States. These defoliants denuded large areas of Vietnam, leaving farmland barren and untouchable for several years. At the heart of the conflict was the desire of North Vietnam, which had defeated the French colonial administration of Vietnam in 1954, to unify the entire country under a single communist regime modeled after those of the Soviet Union and China. This section supplements the OCO cost data with some brief metrics on the overall size of the U.S. effort in Syria. Reasons for US involvement in Vietnam - The Vietnam War - National 5 Direct link to Kim Kutz Elliott's post All American men had to r, Posted 2 years ago. There are, however, several problems with current projections of FY2018 and beyond. There have been several legal attempts to seek compensation from the US government and chemical manufacturers. Though the majority of Vietnam veterans returned home without serious problems, a large number found the readjustment to civilian life difficult. A Brief History of the Vietnam War: Combatants, Casualties and Johnsons new tack, laid out in a March 1968 speech, met with a positive response from Hanoi, and peace talks between the U.S. and North Vietnam opened in Paris that May. After the United States withdrew from the conflict, North Vietnam invaded the South and united the country under a communist government. He authorized a series of bombing campaigns, most notably Operation Rolling Thunder, and also committed hundreds of thousands of US ground troops to the fight. Global confidence in America as the arsenal of democracy also suffered. It granted him broad latitude in handling the struggle against communism in Southeast Asia. What were some human costs of the Vietnam War? - Brainly.com This started with their homecoming and reception. $66.0 billion in FY2017 total budget authority and $41.3 billion in adjusted budget authority. Opponents of the war argued that civilians, not enemy combatants, were the primary victims and that the United States was supporting a corrupt dictatorship in Saigon. There have been no serious attempts to develop Future Year Defense Program costs in recent years, largely because of the Budget Control Act, and DoD outyear budget forecasts have been political placeholders. There was little that had not been bombed, blasted or shot up from roads to railways, buildings to bridges, ports to power stations. answer choices He believed it was the duty of the United States to assist all nations in need. The Soviet Union and the Peoples Republic of China supported the north, while the United States was determined to maintain an independent, non-communist South Vietnam. Vietnam War, (195475), a protracted conflict that pitted the communist government of North Vietnam and its allies in South Vietnam, known as the Viet Cong, against the government of South Vietnam and its principal ally, the United States. Past estimates of spending have been consistently wrong, and the inputs have been consistently undercosted.
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